<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><rss xmlns:atom='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0' version='2.0'><channel><atom:id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27830960</atom:id><lastBuildDate>Sat, 01 May 2010 15:08:53 +0000</lastBuildDate><title>Philadelphia Ghost Sign Project</title><description>a visual record of ghost signs and faded advertisements in and around the greater Philadelphia area.</description><link>http://www.lawrenceotoole.com/signs/signs.html</link><managingEditor>noreply@blogger.com (Lawrence)</managingEditor><generator>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>149</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27830960.post-5554711028825057257</guid><pubDate>Sat, 01 May 2010 15:08:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2010-05-01T08:08:53.487-07:00</atom:updated><title>This blog has moved</title><atom:summary type='text'>       This blog is now located at http://signs.lawrenceotoole.com/.       You will be automatically redirected in 30 seconds, or you may click here.       For feed subscribers, please update your feed subscriptions to       http://signs.lawrenceotoole.com/feeds/posts/default.  </atom:summary><link>http://www.lawrenceotoole.com/signs/2010/05/this-blog-has-moved.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Lawrence)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27830960.post-2508449534564051863</guid><pubDate>Wed, 21 Apr 2010 04:32:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2010-04-20T21:47:54.083-07:00</atom:updated><title>"UP THERE" Film</title><atom:summary type='text'>

"UP THERE" is a short film which follows walldogs as they paint various Stella Artois wall advertisements in SoHo.

Shot high above the streets of New York City, "UP THERE" reveals the dying craft of large-scale hand painted advertising and the untold story of the painters struggling to keep it alive.

Capturing a trade that is equal parts artistic precision and greuling labor, the filmpresents</atom:summary><link>http://www.lawrenceotoole.com/signs/2010/04/up-there-film.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Lawrence)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27830960.post-6189997271827008122</guid><pubDate>Mon, 15 Mar 2010 00:13:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2010-03-14T17:13:14.234-07:00</atom:updated><title>"Looking Into the Past" Photograph Series</title><atom:summary type='text'>

Inspired by Michael Hughes’ "Souvenir" photograph series, Jason Powell started "Looking Into the Past", a Flickr pool devoted to overlaying archive photos of buildings and people with photographs of the same location in the present day. While the locations are spread over the Virginia and Washington, D.C. area, it's a very interesting take on the same ideas behind this website. Definitely worth</atom:summary><link>http://www.lawrenceotoole.com/signs/2010/03/looking-into-past-photograph-series.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Lawrence)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27830960.post-383271223161858562</guid><pubDate>Tue, 24 Nov 2009 23:04:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2010-01-28T10:43:48.012-08:00</atom:updated><title>A Love Letter For You</title><atom:summary type='text'>A Love Letter For You is a project by the City of Philadelphia Mural Arts Program and is sponsored by the Pew Center for Arts &amp; Heritage through the Philadelphia Exhibitions Initiative. Painted on the rooftops and walls of Market Street from 63rd to 45th by Overbrook native Stephen Powers and the youth of West Philadelphia.In 1984 Steve Powers started climbing rooftops in his neighborhood and </atom:summary><link>http://www.lawrenceotoole.com/signs/2009/11/love-letter-for-you.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Lawrence)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27830960.post-762356183326641397</guid><pubDate>Wed, 21 Oct 2009 15:16:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2009-10-21T08:19:36.525-07:00</atom:updated><title>Vintage Sign Shop</title><atom:summary type='text'>Somewhat related, just got passed this info about Kidimo, a new shop in Paris that sells vintage shop signs.</atom:summary><link>http://www.lawrenceotoole.com/signs/2009/10/vintage-sign-shop.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Lawrence)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27830960.post-5782861773017068586</guid><pubDate>Thu, 20 Aug 2009 01:13:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2009-08-19T18:23:11.473-07:00</atom:updated><title>James and Karla Murray - STORE FRONT</title><atom:summary type='text'>Just came across photographers James and Karla Murray’s portfolio. Much attention has been focused on their recent collaboration in MOM &amp; POPISM (an installation of their photos (almost lifesize) embellished by street artists on the rooftop of Gawker Media, which opened this weekend - photos here). But I am (of course) more intrigued by the straightforward documentary approach of the storefront </atom:summary><link>http://www.lawrenceotoole.com/signs/2009/08/james-and-karla-murray-store-front.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Lawrence)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27830960.post-2555119726505209757</guid><pubDate>Wed, 12 Aug 2009 14:54:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2009-08-12T13:52:35.370-07:00</atom:updated><title>Russ Brooks' Winning Italian Market Photo</title><atom:summary type='text'>This image was taken by my friend Russ Brooks as part of the Scott Kelby 2nd Annual Worldwide Photo Walk. It was the winner for the South Philadelphia area. Great shot. Congratulations Russ!What is a Photo Walk, you ask?It's a social photography event where photographers get together, usually in a downtown area or trendy section of town, to walk around, shoot photos, and generally have fun with </atom:summary><link>http://www.lawrenceotoole.com/signs/2009/08/russ-brooks-winning-italian-market.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Lawrence)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27830960.post-2343869101475889103</guid><pubDate>Tue, 28 Jul 2009 16:58:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2009-07-28T10:20:07.860-07:00</atom:updated><title>Asheville, NC Signs</title><atom:summary type='text'>"fresh up with 7up""NuGrap"Coxe Ave, Asheville, NC [map]NOT Philadelphian... Sent in by Brian, who spied these in Asheville, North Carolina.Thanks!</atom:summary><link>http://www.lawrenceotoole.com/signs/2009/07/asheville-nc-signs.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Lawrence)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27830960.post-1948046440939679180</guid><pubDate>Thu, 09 Jul 2009 19:37:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2009-07-17T12:47:12.007-07:00</atom:updated><title>Philly Suburban Ghosts</title><atom:summary type='text'>Here are a few ghost signs found just outside the Philadelphia city limits:"WM. C. WILCUTTS HUDSON"Older signage (in white) peeks through from underneath.. perhaps a "C"?Photo submitted by Max Buten of the Lower Merion Historical Society - thanks!Taken in 2001; building was torn down in 2009 to rationalize the intersection.Ardmore Ave at Lancaster Ave, Ardmore PA [map]"RUFE BROS.""Plumbing""Steam</atom:summary><link>http://www.lawrenceotoole.com/signs/2009/07/philly-suburban-ghosts.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Lawrence)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27830960.post-5500970362439943312</guid><pubDate>Wed, 08 Jul 2009 21:21:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2009-07-08T14:28:39.116-07:00</atom:updated><title>Pencoyd Restaurant</title><atom:summary type='text'>"Pencoyd Restaurant"None of the old paint remains, just the imprint of the letters on the metal backing.Sent in by Max Buten of the Lower Merion Historical Society. Thanks!3741 Main Street, Manayunk [map]</atom:summary><link>http://www.lawrenceotoole.com/signs/2009/07/pencoyd-restaurant.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Lawrence)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27830960.post-1905489528054896694</guid><pubDate>Wed, 08 Jul 2009 19:50:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2009-07-08T13:24:32.593-07:00</atom:updated><title>ARCHIVE - Home of Ortleib's</title><atom:summary type='text'>"HOME OF - Ortleibs (logo) - illegible - JOE'S BEER"Sign has since been stucco-ed over.Taken 18 August 1995. From Xnedski's Flickr NoLibs Archive.3rd Street between Brown and Poplar [map]</atom:summary><link>http://www.lawrenceotoole.com/signs/2009/07/home-of-ortleibs.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Lawrence)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27830960.post-2585430584764934915</guid><pubDate>Tue, 07 Jul 2009 19:55:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2009-07-08T13:24:57.692-07:00</atom:updated><title>ARCHIVE - TACO (Trans-Atlantic Company)</title><atom:summary type='text'>"TACO" on water tower. "Trans-Atlantic Company Quality Builders Hardware 420-442 Fairmount Ave. WA 5 ??45".Older signage is visible beneath: "Manufacturing Pharmacists".Sign has since been painted over.Taken 18 August 1995. From Xnedski's Flickr NoLibs Archive.Fairmount between 4th and 5th [map]</atom:summary><link>http://www.lawrenceotoole.com/signs/2009/07/taco-trans-atlantic-company.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Lawrence)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27830960.post-6704716456839922368</guid><pubDate>Mon, 06 Jul 2009 19:57:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2009-07-08T13:24:17.503-07:00</atom:updated><title>ARCHIVE - Herold's Sauerkraut Buildings</title><atom:summary type='text'>Visible just past the lot which has become Liberty Lands Park.Building has been demolished.Another related building."P. Herold and Sons - Packers of Food Products".This building has also been demolished.Taken 18 August 1995. From Xnedski's Flickr NoLibs Archive.Wildey at 3rd Street [map]</atom:summary><link>http://www.lawrenceotoole.com/signs/2009/07/herolds-saurkraut.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Lawrence)</author><thr:total>2</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27830960.post-1442513245295919624</guid><pubDate>Mon, 29 Jun 2009 21:44:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2009-06-29T14:59:14.171-07:00</atom:updated><title>...SY CORNER</title><atom:summary type='text'>"... CANVAS GOODS CO"Older, barely visible signage appears beneath.Belgrade and Lehigh [map]</atom:summary><link>http://www.lawrenceotoole.com/signs/2009/06/sy-corner.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Lawrence)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27830960.post-3481897123323464644</guid><pubDate>Fri, 26 Jun 2009 21:06:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2009-06-26T14:25:04.863-07:00</atom:updated><title>Clarke and Cohen</title><atom:summary type='text'>"Clarke and Cohen""Expert Adjusters and Appraisers of Fire Losses for the Assured"Older version of this signage appears beneath.Here is the sign in a photo dated 11/18/1959:PhillyHistory.org.  Philadelphia Department of Records.  26 June 2009.  &lt;http://www.phillyhistory.org&gt;.Corner, Chestnut and Bank Streets [map]</atom:summary><link>http://www.lawrenceotoole.com/signs/2009/06/clarke-and-cohen.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Lawrence)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27830960.post-9047291875821192005</guid><pubDate>Tue, 09 Jun 2009 14:24:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2009-06-26T14:20:28.213-07:00</atom:updated><title>Acme Piano Co.</title><atom:summary type='text'>"...PIANO"You can see the building with signage intact at the far left corner in this archive photo from 1963.PhillyHistory.org.  Philadelphia Department of Records.  9 June 2009.  &lt;http://www.phillyhistory.org&gt;.2nd and Queen Streets [map]</atom:summary><link>http://www.lawrenceotoole.com/signs/2009/06/acme-piano-co.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Lawrence)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27830960.post-9199575324024291016</guid><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jun 2009 19:47:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2009-06-01T12:58:24.495-07:00</atom:updated><title>DPW, Bureau of Street Cleaning Wagon Shop</title><atom:summary type='text'>"DEPT. OF PUBLIC WORKS""WAGON SHOP""BUREAU OF STREET CLEANING"Spied this on the ever-fantastic Necessity for Ruins blog. All credit to NFR for the wonderful photography (click through for bigger/alternate imagery).25th btwn. Oakford and Manton Streets [map]</atom:summary><link>http://www.lawrenceotoole.com/signs/2009/06/dpw-bureau-of-street-cleaning-wagon.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Lawrence)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27830960.post-7985069933813393276</guid><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jun 2009 19:21:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2009-06-01T12:25:40.928-07:00</atom:updated><title>Waynesville Coca-Cola</title><atom:summary type='text'>"Coca-Cola"Older, larger version appears beneath.NOT Philadelphian... Sent in by Brian, who spied this in Waynesville, North Carolina.Thanks!</atom:summary><link>http://www.lawrenceotoole.com/signs/2009/06/waynesville-coca-cola.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Lawrence)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27830960.post-8249215588647069608</guid><pubDate>Mon, 11 May 2009 18:37:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2009-05-11T11:41:03.525-07:00</atom:updated><title>Flagstaff Ice Cream</title><atom:summary type='text'>"The MOORE(?) DRUG CO.MISSION ICE CREAMand frozen barz"NOT Philadelphian... Sent in by Vanessa, who spied this in Flagstaff, Arizona.Thanks!</atom:summary><link>http://www.lawrenceotoole.com/signs/2009/05/flagstaff-ice-cream.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Lawrence)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27830960.post-8966153998964637377</guid><pubDate>Mon, 02 Mar 2009 18:11:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2009-03-02T10:14:19.760-08:00</atom:updated><title>ENCORE - GHOST SIGN SHOW</title><atom:summary type='text'>Photographic Selections fromThe Philadelphia Ghost Sign Projectat the PRIMER MicrostudioOpening this First Friday, March 6th6:00 to 10:00 pmJoin us for a special encore exhibition of photographs taken by Lawrence O'Toole in attempt to document these once prominent but now quickly vanishing features of the urban landscape.If you can't make the opening, the gallery is open during normal business </atom:summary><link>http://www.lawrenceotoole.com/signs/2009/03/encore-ghost-sign-show.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Lawrence)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27830960.post-1553093316931164884</guid><pubDate>Mon, 09 Feb 2009 23:39:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2009-02-09T15:57:02.334-08:00</atom:updated><title>Ghost Sign Show Photos</title><atom:summary type='text'>Photos of the opening have been posted to the PRIMER Microstudio Flickr page. The show will be up all month. Stop on by!</atom:summary><link>http://www.lawrenceotoole.com/signs/2009/02/ghost-sign-show-photos.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Lawrence)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27830960.post-8747217572082880440</guid><pubDate>Tue, 03 Feb 2009 17:33:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2009-02-03T09:46:26.759-08:00</atom:updated><title>GHOST SIGN SHOW THIS FRIDAY!</title><atom:summary type='text'>Photographic Selections fromThe Philadelphia Ghost Sign Projectat the PRIMER MicrostudioOpening this First Friday, February 6th6:00 to 10:00 pmJoin us for an exhibition of photographs taken by Lawrence O'Toole in attempt to document these once prominent but now quickly vanishing features of the urban landscape.If you can't make the opening, the gallery is open during normal business hours, and </atom:summary><link>http://www.lawrenceotoole.com/signs/2009/02/ghost-sign-show-this-friday.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Lawrence)</author><thr:total>2</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27830960.post-4301735704101441240</guid><pubDate>Wed, 14 Jan 2009 19:37:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2009-01-29T13:51:01.516-08:00</atom:updated><title>Ghost SIgn Article in Baltimore STYLE Magazine</title><atom:summary type='text'>Photographer LaShelle Bynum captures the 'ghost signs' of Baltimore's advertising past:Once she got started, Bynum couldn’t stop hunting for the old signs, which are known as ghost signs because they advertise long-gone businesses and because white is often the only color remaining on a sign (white lead paint deteriorates slower than color paints). Over the period of five years, Bynum amassed a </atom:summary><link>http://www.lawrenceotoole.com/signs/2009/01/ghost-sign-article-in-boston-style.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Lawrence)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27830960.post-8807879283922327830</guid><pubDate>Tue, 06 Jan 2009 09:00:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2009-01-06T01:00:01.995-08:00</atom:updated><title>7up</title><atom:summary type='text'>Here is the same storefront in 1951. From the angle you can't tell what is on the side of the building, but you can see some sort of signage there.PhillyHistory.org.  Philadelphia Department of Records.  6 January 2009.  &lt;http://www.phillyhistory.org&gt;.50th and Lancaster Streets [map]</atom:summary><link>http://www.lawrenceotoole.com/signs/2009/01/7up.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Lawrence)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27830960.post-3627467269083999141</guid><pubDate>Mon, 05 Jan 2009 22:52:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2009-01-05T15:58:51.663-08:00</atom:updated><title>CLOTHING</title><atom:summary type='text'>Strange, everything is very faded except "CLOTHING"...31st and Girard [map]</atom:summary><link>http://www.lawrenceotoole.com/signs/2009/01/clothing.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Lawrence)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item></channel></rss>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     